Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is susceptible to populist inclinations. Nonetheless, it is healthier than one would expect.
The country is looking for a new paradigm of development. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for ancestors and gendered family relationships continues to influence the society. There are signs of a secularist cultural trend emerging.
Origins
In the prehistoric era the ancestors of the modern Koreans lived by hunting and gathering wild food. In the tens of thousands of years after, they began to grow crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock, and also made furs. These tribes formed tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. 에볼루션 게이밍 created an industry of metalworking, making bronze tools, and later iron ones. They traded with other states and introduced Celadon papermaking block printing art styles, as well as written language to Japan.
Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state adopted Chinese culture that included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. At this time, the people of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state that was hierarchical with the monarch and top officials were from the land aristocracy, while the rest of its population was peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens and sometimes even forced them to join the army or to build fortifications.
By the end of the period the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest of the peninsula, and clashed with China's commandos and Goguryeo's in the region. Baekje accepted Confucian ideas in its state beliefs system in 1390 CE, and introduced the male-centric concept of filiopiety into a doctrine. Under the cover of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families. They were expected to be obedient to everyone and respected by their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, which would rule from 918 to 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet built on the patterns created by the mouth during pronunciation. This significantly improved the communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. In addition, movable metal type printing was introduced, and woodblock printing was improved. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was first recorded.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times to. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form of graves paved with stones, and adorned with precious objects like amazonite jewelry that were buried with the dead. Megalithic structures known as dolmens, made of huge single stones, are also widespread throughout the country.
In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognizable political state. The peninsula was later ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern region of the peninsula was occupied for a time by the Balhae Kingdom, which historians do not consider to be a genuine Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. In all of them, Baekje was the most powerful however, its dynasty ended when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE, leaving the southern provinces of Manchuria and the western region around the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy flourished for a short time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to collaborate to expand their territories. In the final, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated the other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase the development paradigm of the country is in flux. Those who are appalled by the huge cost of the old system are urging an extensive program of liberalization in capital as well as labor and product markets. On the other hand, people who support the old system try to preserve it through nationalist sentiments, and by exaggerating fears about possible job losses.
Academics and analysts are divided about the extent to which Korea's growth is influenced by these two trends. This article examines developments to date, by looking at five phases of Korea's political evolution including the illiberal democratic period (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) and authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and democratic participation (2002 to the present). This article also highlights the most important factors that are the driving force behind these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made progress in promoting their views to this segment. A survey in 2009 revealed that nearly one third of respondents do not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% believed that there was no scientific evidence to support the theory; 39% claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs. 17 percent said they didn't comprehend it. This level of disbelief is comparable to that of the United States where a similar percentage do not believe humans evolved from earlier forms of life.
In the past, the anti-evolution movement in Korea focused primarily on educating students and the introduction of Christ to them. An increase in the interest in creation science occurred in the year 1980, following the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the featured speakers. The event was attended by a large number of professors, church leaders, and scientists.
The event's success led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st of 1980. The inauguration meeting was widely reported in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also attracted a lot of attention.
KACR began publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In CREATION, the organization presented its own work and published articles about scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR, as well as a few books on creationism that were in print outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures across the country at universities and churches.
A KACR success was observed at the KAIST University in Seoul. There, students were so interested in creationism that they raised the money and support needed to build a small museum on campus featuring creationist fossil models and other exhibits.
In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine, CREATION. This magazine covers topics that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series lectures by ICR staff. It also has a network of local branches, which hold seminars and present talks to school children and community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the late 19th century and into the early 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced with miniskirts and other fashion elements from abroad. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern rock and roll and jazz. During this period the samulnori, or the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic dances were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as different musical instruments.
Korea's new development paradigm is being formed in the wake of the economic crisis. The primary challenge facing the new regime is to find the right balance between state-led economic policies and market-oriented ones. It also requires altering incentives, monitoring, or disciplining systems that have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4.
Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions and also by a migrant from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. As a result, it was in frequent conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies across the border.
The decline of Silla in the 8th and early 9th centuries enabled powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He ruled a portion of the present-day Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo.
The rule of his was, however, short-lived. After his defeat, Gungye was replaced by a powerful local leader Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as a successor state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centralized ruling system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period. From then on the Korean peninsula was controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly grew into powerful states on the peninsula and in Manchuria.